ruvector/crates/ruvector-postgres

RuVector-Postgres

The most advanced PostgreSQL vector database extension. A drop-in pgvector replacement with 77+ SQL functions, SIMD acceleration, 39 attention mechanisms, GNN layers, hyperbolic embeddings, SPARQL/RDF support, and self-learning capabilities.

Why RuVector?

Feature	pgvector	RuVector-Postgres
Vector Search	HNSW, IVFFlat	HNSW, IVFFlat (optimized)
Distance Metrics	3	8+ (including hyperbolic)
Local Embeddings	-	6 models (fastembed)
Attention Mechanisms	-	39 types
Graph Neural Networks	-	GCN, GraphSAGE, GAT
Hyperbolic Embeddings	-	Poincare, Lorentz
Sparse Vectors / BM25	Partial	Full support
Self-Learning	-	ReasoningBank
Agent Routing	-	Tiny Dancer
Graph/Cypher	-	Full support
SPARQL/RDF	-	W3C SPARQL 1.1
AVX-512/NEON SIMD	Partial	Full
Quantization	No	Scalar, Product, Binary

Installation

Docker (Recommended)

# Start the container
docker run -d --name ruvector-pg \
  -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=secret \
  -p 5432:5432 \
  ruvnet/ruvector-postgres:latest

# Connect with psql
PGPASSWORD=secret psql -h localhost -p 5432 -U postgres

# Or use the ruvector app user (created automatically)
PGPASSWORD=ruvector psql -h localhost -p 5432 -U ruvector -d postgres

The container initializes with:

• Extension ruvector pre-installed and tested
• User ruvector with password ruvector for application use
• SIMD acceleration (AVX2/AVX-512) auto-detected

npm (Node.js Bindings)

# Install the core package with native bindings
npm install @ruvector/core

# Or install the full ruvector package
npm install ruvector

const { VectorDB, cosineDistance } = require('@ruvector/core');

// Create a vector database
const db = new VectorDB({ dimensions: 384 });

// Add vectors
db.add([0.1, 0.2, 0.3, ...]);

// Search
const results = db.search(queryVector, { k: 10 });

From Source

# Install pgrx
cargo install cargo-pgrx --version "0.12.9" --locked
cargo pgrx init --pg16 $(which pg_config)

# Build and install
cd crates/ruvector-postgres
cargo pgrx install --release

CLI Tool

npm install -g @ruvector/postgres-cli
ruvector-pg -c "postgresql://localhost:5432/mydb" install

Quick Start

-- Create the extension
CREATE EXTENSION ruvector;

-- Create a table with vector column
CREATE TABLE documents (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    content TEXT,
    embedding ruvector(1536)
);

-- Create an HNSW index
CREATE INDEX ON documents USING ruhnsw (embedding ruvector_l2_ops);

-- Find similar documents
SELECT content, embedding <-> '[0.15, 0.25, ...]'::ruvector AS distance
FROM documents
ORDER BY distance
LIMIT 10;

67+ SQL Functions

RuVector exposes all advanced AI capabilities as native PostgreSQL functions.

Core Vector Operations

-- Distance metrics
SELECT ruvector_cosine_distance(a, b);
SELECT ruvector_l2_distance(a, b);
SELECT ruvector_inner_product(a, b);
SELECT ruvector_manhattan_distance(a, b);

-- Vector operations
SELECT ruvector_normalize(embedding);
SELECT ruvector_add(a, b);
SELECT ruvector_scalar_mul(embedding, 2.0);

Hyperbolic Geometry (8 functions)

Perfect for hierarchical data like taxonomies, knowledge graphs, and org charts.

-- Poincare ball model
SELECT ruvector_poincare_distance(a, b, -1.0);  -- curvature -1

-- Lorentz hyperboloid model
SELECT ruvector_lorentz_distance(a, b, -1.0);

-- Hyperbolic operations
SELECT ruvector_mobius_add(a, b, -1.0);       -- Hyperbolic translation
SELECT ruvector_exp_map(base, tangent, -1.0); -- Tangent to manifold
SELECT ruvector_log_map(base, target, -1.0);  -- Manifold to tangent

-- Model conversion
SELECT ruvector_poincare_to_lorentz(poincare_vec, -1.0);
SELECT ruvector_lorentz_to_poincare(lorentz_vec, -1.0);

-- Minkowski inner product
SELECT ruvector_minkowski_dot(a, b);

Sparse Vectors & BM25 (14 functions)

Full sparse vector support with text scoring.

-- Create sparse vectors
SELECT ruvector_sparse_create(ARRAY[0, 5, 10], ARRAY[0.5, 0.3, 0.2], 100);
SELECT ruvector_sparse_from_dense(dense_vector, 0.01);  -- threshold

-- Sparse operations
SELECT ruvector_sparse_dot(a, b);
SELECT ruvector_sparse_cosine(a, b);
SELECT ruvector_sparse_l2_distance(a, b);
SELECT ruvector_sparse_add(a, b);
SELECT ruvector_sparse_scale(vec, 2.0);
SELECT ruvector_sparse_normalize(vec);
SELECT ruvector_sparse_topk(vec, 10);  -- Top-k elements

-- Text scoring
SELECT ruvector_bm25_score(query_terms, doc_freqs, doc_len, avg_doc_len, total_docs);
SELECT ruvector_tf_idf(term_freq, doc_freq, total_docs);

39 Attention Mechanisms

Full transformer-style attention in PostgreSQL.

-- Scaled dot-product attention
SELECT ruvector_attention_scaled_dot(query, keys, values);

-- Multi-head attention
SELECT ruvector_attention_multi_head(query, keys, values, num_heads);

-- Flash attention (memory efficient)
SELECT ruvector_attention_flash(query, keys, values, block_size);

-- Sparse attention patterns
SELECT ruvector_attention_sparse(query, keys, values, sparsity_pattern);

-- Linear attention (O(n) complexity)
SELECT ruvector_attention_linear(query, keys, values);

-- Causal/masked attention
SELECT ruvector_attention_causal(query, keys, values);

-- Cross attention
SELECT ruvector_attention_cross(query, context_keys, context_values);

-- Self attention
SELECT ruvector_attention_self(input, num_heads);

Graph Neural Networks (5 functions)

GNN layers for graph-structured data.

-- GCN (Graph Convolutional Network)
SELECT ruvector_gnn_gcn_layer(features, adjacency, weights);

-- GraphSAGE (inductive learning)
SELECT ruvector_gnn_graphsage_layer(features, neighbor_features, weights);

-- GAT (Graph Attention Network)
SELECT ruvector_gnn_gat_layer(features, adjacency, attention_weights);

-- Message passing
SELECT ruvector_gnn_message_pass(node_features, edge_index, edge_weights);

-- Aggregation
SELECT ruvector_gnn_aggregate(messages, aggregation_type);  -- mean, max, sum

Agent Routing - Tiny Dancer (11 functions)

Intelligent query routing to specialized AI agents.

-- Route query to best agent
SELECT ruvector_route_query(query_embedding, agent_registry);

-- Route with context
SELECT ruvector_route_with_context(query, context, agents);

-- Multi-agent routing
SELECT ruvector_multi_agent_route(query, agents, top_k);

-- Agent management
SELECT ruvector_register_agent(name, capabilities, embedding);
SELECT ruvector_update_agent_performance(agent_id, metrics);
SELECT ruvector_get_routing_stats();

-- Affinity calculation
SELECT ruvector_calculate_agent_affinity(query, agent);
SELECT ruvector_select_best_agent(query, agent_list);

-- Adaptive routing
SELECT ruvector_adaptive_route(query, context, learning_rate);

-- FastGRNN acceleration
SELECT ruvector_fastgrnn_forward(input, hidden, weights);

Local Embeddings (6 functions)

Generate embeddings directly in PostgreSQL - no external API calls needed.

-- Generate embedding from text (default: all-MiniLM-L6-v2)
SELECT ruvector_embed('Hello, world!');

-- Use specific model
SELECT ruvector_embed('Hello, world!', 'bge-small-en-v1.5');

-- Batch embedding (efficient for multiple texts)
SELECT ruvector_embed_batch(ARRAY['First doc', 'Second doc', 'Third doc']);

-- List available models
SELECT ruvector_list_models();

-- Get model information (dimensions, description)
SELECT ruvector_model_info('all-MiniLM-L6-v2');

-- Preload model into cache for faster subsequent calls
SELECT ruvector_preload_model('bge-base-en-v1.5');

Supported Models:

Model	Dimensions	Use Case
all-MiniLM-L6-v2	384	Fast, general-purpose (default)
bge-small-en-v1.5	384	MTEB #1, English
bge-base-en-v1.5	768	Higher accuracy, English
bge-large-en-v1.5	1024	Highest accuracy, English
nomic-embed-text-v1	768	Long context (8192 tokens)
nomic-embed-text-v1.5	768	Updated long context

Example: Automatic Embedding on Insert

-- Create table with trigger for auto-embedding
CREATE TABLE articles (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    title TEXT,
    content TEXT,
    embedding ruvector(384)
);

-- Insert with automatic embedding generation
INSERT INTO articles (title, content, embedding)
VALUES (
    'Introduction to AI',
    'Artificial intelligence is transforming...',
    ruvector_embed('Artificial intelligence is transforming...')
);

-- Semantic search
SELECT title, embedding <=> ruvector_embed('machine learning basics') AS distance
FROM articles
ORDER BY distance
LIMIT 5;

Self-Learning / ReasoningBank (7 functions)

Adaptive search parameter optimization.

-- Record learning trajectory
SELECT ruvector_record_trajectory(input, output, success, context);

-- Get verdict on approach
SELECT ruvector_get_verdict(trajectory_id);

-- Memory distillation
SELECT ruvector_distill_memory(trajectories, compression_ratio);

-- Adaptive search
SELECT ruvector_adaptive_search(query, context, ef_search);

-- Learning feedback
SELECT ruvector_learning_feedback(search_id, relevance_scores);

-- Get learned patterns
SELECT ruvector_get_learning_patterns(context);

-- Optimize search parameters
SELECT ruvector_optimize_search_params(query_type, historical_data);

Graph Storage & Cypher (8 functions)

Graph operations with Cypher query support.

-- Create graph elements
SELECT ruvector_graph_create_node(labels, properties, embedding);
SELECT ruvector_graph_create_edge(from_node, to_node, edge_type, properties);

-- Graph queries
SELECT ruvector_graph_get_neighbors(node_id, edge_type, depth);
SELECT ruvector_graph_shortest_path(start_node, end_node);
SELECT ruvector_graph_pagerank(edge_table, damping, iterations);

-- Cypher queries
SELECT ruvector_cypher_query('MATCH (n:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(m) RETURN n, m');

-- Traversal
SELECT ruvector_graph_traverse(start_node, direction, max_depth);

-- Similarity search on graph
SELECT ruvector_graph_similarity_search(query_embedding, node_type, top_k);

SPARQL & RDF (14 functions)

W3C-standard SPARQL 1.1 query language for RDF data.

-- Create RDF triple store
SELECT ruvector_create_rdf_store('knowledge_graph');

-- Insert triples
SELECT ruvector_insert_triple(
    'knowledge_graph',
    '<http://example.org/person/1>',
    '<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type>',
    '<http://example.org/Person>'
);

-- Bulk load N-Triples
SELECT ruvector_load_ntriples('knowledge_graph', '
    <http://example.org/person/1> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Alice" .
    <http://example.org/person/1> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows> <http://example.org/person/2> .
');

-- SPARQL SELECT query
SELECT ruvector_sparql('knowledge_graph', '
    PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
    SELECT ?person ?name
    WHERE {
        ?person a <http://example.org/Person> .
        ?person foaf:name ?name .
    }
', 'json');

-- SPARQL ASK query
SELECT ruvector_sparql('knowledge_graph',
    'ASK { <http://example.org/person/1> ?p ?o }',
    'json'
);

-- Get store statistics
SELECT ruvector_rdf_stats('knowledge_graph');

-- Query triples by pattern (NULL = wildcard)
SELECT ruvector_query_triples('knowledge_graph',
    NULL, -- any subject
    '<http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name>', -- predicate
    NULL  -- any object
);

-- SPARQL UPDATE operations
SELECT ruvector_sparql_update('knowledge_graph', '
    INSERT DATA {
        <http://example.org/person/3> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Charlie" .
    }
');

SPARQL Features:

• SELECT, CONSTRUCT, ASK, DESCRIBE query forms
• Property paths (sequence /, alternative |, inverse ^, transitive *, +)
• FILTER expressions with 50+ built-in functions
• Aggregates (COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX, GROUP_CONCAT)
• OPTIONAL, UNION, MINUS graph patterns
• Named graphs support
• Result formats: JSON, XML, CSV, TSV
• ~198K triples/sec insertion, ~5.5M queries/sec lookups

Vector Types

ruvector(n) - Dense Vector

CREATE TABLE items (embedding ruvector(1536));
-- Storage: 8 + (4 x dimensions) bytes

halfvec(n) - Half-Precision Vector

CREATE TABLE items (embedding halfvec(1536));
-- Storage: 8 + (2 x dimensions) bytes (50% savings)

sparsevec(n) - Sparse Vector

CREATE TABLE items (embedding sparsevec(50000));
INSERT INTO items VALUES ('{1:0.5, 100:0.8, 5000:0.3}/50000');
-- Storage: 12 + (8 x non_zero_elements) bytes

Distance Operators

Operator	Distance	Use Case
<->	L2 (Euclidean)	General similarity
<=>	Cosine	Text embeddings
<#>	Inner Product	Normalized vectors
<+>	Manhattan (L1)	Sparse features

Index Types

HNSW (Hierarchical Navigable Small World)

CREATE INDEX ON items USING ruhnsw (embedding ruvector_l2_ops)
WITH (m = 16, ef_construction = 64);

SET ruvector.ef_search = 100;  -- Tune search quality

IVFFlat (Inverted File Flat)

CREATE INDEX ON items USING ruivfflat (embedding ruvector_l2_ops)
WITH (lists = 100);

SET ruvector.ivfflat_probes = 10;  -- Tune search quality

Performance Benchmarks

AMD EPYC 7763 (64 cores), 256GB RAM:

Operation	10K vectors	100K vectors	1M vectors
HNSW Build	0.8s	8.2s	95s
HNSW Search (top-10)	0.3ms	0.5ms	1.2ms
Cosine Distance	0.01ms	0.01ms	0.01ms
Poincare Distance	0.02ms	0.02ms	0.02ms
GCN Forward	2.1ms	18ms	180ms
BM25 Score	0.05ms	0.08ms	0.15ms

Single distance calculation (1536 dimensions):

Metric	AVX2 Time	Speedup vs Scalar
L2 (Euclidean)	38 ns	3.7x
Cosine	51 ns	3.7x
Inner Product	36 ns	3.7x

Use Cases

Semantic Search with RAG

SELECT content, embedding <=> $query_embedding AS similarity
FROM documents
WHERE category = 'technical'
ORDER BY similarity
LIMIT 5;

Knowledge Graph with Hierarchical Embeddings

-- Use hyperbolic embeddings for taxonomy
SELECT name, ruvector_poincare_distance(embedding, $query, -1.0) AS distance
FROM taxonomy_nodes
ORDER BY distance
LIMIT 10;

Hybrid Search (Vector + BM25)

SELECT
    content,
    0.7 * (1.0 / (1.0 + embedding <-> $query_vector)) +
    0.3 * ruvector_bm25_score(terms, doc_freqs, length, avg_len, total) AS score
FROM documents
ORDER BY score DESC
LIMIT 10;

Multi-Agent Query Routing

SELECT ruvector_route_query(
    $user_query_embedding,
    (SELECT array_agg(row(name, capabilities)) FROM agents)
) AS best_agent;

Graph Neural Network Inference

SELECT ruvector_gnn_gcn_layer(
    node_features,
    adjacency_matrix,
    trained_weights
) AS updated_features
FROM graph_nodes;

CLI Tool

Install the CLI for easy management:

npm install -g @ruvector/postgres-cli

# Commands
ruvector-pg install                    # Install extension
ruvector-pg vector create table --dim 384 --index hnsw
ruvector-pg hyperbolic poincare-distance --a "[0.1,0.2]" --b "[0.3,0.4]"
ruvector-pg gnn gcn --features "[[...]]" --adj "[[...]]"
ruvector-pg graph query "MATCH (n) RETURN n"
ruvector-pg routing route --query "[...]" --agents agents.json
ruvector-pg learning adaptive-search --context "[...]"
ruvector-pg bench run --type all --size 10000

Related Packages

• @ruvector/postgres-cli - CLI for RuVector PostgreSQL
• ruvector-core - Core vector operations library
• ruvector-tiny-dancer - Agent routing library

Documentation

Document	Description
docs/API.md	Complete SQL API reference
docs/ARCHITECTURE.md	System architecture
docs/SIMD_OPTIMIZATION.md	SIMD details
docs/guides/ATTENTION_QUICK_REFERENCE.md	Attention mechanisms
docs/GNN_QUICK_REFERENCE.md	GNN layers
docs/ROUTING_QUICK_REFERENCE.md	Tiny Dancer routing
docs/LEARNING_MODULE_README.md	ReasoningBank

Requirements

• PostgreSQL 14, 15, 16, or 17
• x86_64 (AVX2/AVX-512) or ARM64 (NEON)
• Linux, macOS, or Windows (WSL)

License

MIT License - See LICENSE

Contributing

Contributions welcome! See CONTRIBUTING.md