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Authentication on MySQL 5.7+
In MySQL 5.7+ (e.g. on Ubuntu 16.04 and Ubuntu18.04) there is a new authentication schema https://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-security-excerpt/5.7/en/socket-authentication-plugin.html and authentication as in the previous database versions, will not work.
As a quick solution, you can restore the old authentication as follows.
Log into MySQL from the command line
$ mysql -uroot -hlocalhost
Make sure to specify localhost, specifying 127.0.0.1 might end up in an ERROR 1698 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost'.
Then, set mysql_native_password as authentication plugin:
mysql> update mysql.user set plugin="mysql_native_password";
Query OK, 1 row affected (0,00 sec)
Rows matched: 3 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0,01 sec)
mysql> ^DBye
Authentication plugin mysql_native_password can be set also for a single user (or for a subset of them) by adding a WHERE clause to the query above
mysql> update mysql.user set plugin="mysql_native_password" WHERE user='root';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0,00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 0 Warnings: 0