# Introduction

ntopng alerts are

- stateful
- stateless

# Stateless alerts

Stateless alerts are `stored` when an issue is detected. Issues which trigger stateless alerts have no duration associated, that is, they are basically events such as the connection/disconnection of a device, or the change of the status of an SNMP device port.

To store a stateless alert, method `alerts_api.store` is called.

## Stateless alerts lifecycle

1. `alerts_api.store` enqueues the alert into ~~the ntopng internal SQLite queue (`ntop.pushSqliteAlert`) and also into~~ the ntopng recipients queue (`ntop.pushAlertNotification`).
2. `housekeeping.lua` dequeues, every three seconds, the alert from the ~~ntopng internal SQLite queue (`ntop.popSqliteAlert`) and also from the~~ ntopng recipients queue (`alert_utils.processAlertNotifications`).

  - ~~Alerts dequeued from the ntopng internal SQLite queue are sent to the C engine for the actual insertion into SQLite (`interface.storeAlert`).~~
  - Alerts dequeued from the ntopng recipients queue are enqueued again into per-recipient queues (`notification_recipients.dispatchNotification`), using the host pool id carried inside the alert to choose the recipients (`recipients = pools:get_recipients(message.pool_id)`). Alerts are always enqueued also into the builtin SQLite recipient `builtin_sqlite_recipient`.

3. `housekeeping.lua` dequeues, every three seconds, alerts from every per-recipient queue (`notification_recipients.processNotifications`).

  - Alerts are dequeued from the per-recipient queue with a single call to `m.dequeueRecipientAlerts` which is also in charge of processing the dequeued alerts (e.g., batch and send them out in email messages).

# Stateful alerts

Stateful alerts are `trigger`ed the issue is detected, and are `release`d when the issue no longer occurs. Issues which trigger stateful alerts have a duration associated, that is, they are events such as threshold crosses (e.g., the throughput is above 1Mbps) or suspicious activities (e.g., the host is performing a TCP scan).

Methods `alerts_api.trigger` and `alerts_api.release` are called to trigger and release stateful alerts, respectively.

## Stateful alerts lifecycle

1. `alerts_api.trigger` sets into the C core, straight into the entity, the triggered alert (e.g., `host.storeTriggeredAlert`) and enqueues the alert into the ntopng recipients queue (`ntop.pushAlertNotification`). No ~~SQLite~~ enqueues/dequeues/insertions comes into play.
2. `alerts_api.release` removes from the C core the previously triggered alert (e.g., `host.releaseTriggeredAlert`), enqueues the alert into ~~the ntopng internal SQLite queue (`ntop.pushSqliteAlert`) and also into ~~the ntopng recipients queue (`ntop.pushAlertNotification`).
3. `housekeeping.lua` performs the very same operations *2 and 3* described above for stateless alerts.

# Alert Queues

Queues are used to decouple the dispatch from the processing of alerts. Currently used queues are:

- ~~One in-memory queue for SQLite alerts (`ntop->getSqliteAlertsQueue()`)~~
- One in-memory queue for the ntopng recipients (`ntop->getAlertsNotificationsQueue()`)
- Multiple Redis queues for per-recipient queues (`get_endpoint_recipient_queue(recipient_id)`)

## Queue messages format

JSON messages are queued/dequeued. The format of the JSON is undocumented and contains variable-fields which depends on the alert type. However, a minimum set of fields is constant and include alert type, entity and severity.

## Queue drops

- ~~When the SQLlite queue is full, alerts are dropped and counted into the system interface dropped alerts (`iface->incNumDroppedAlerts(1)`).~~
- When the ntopng recipients queue is full, alerts are dropped and counted into the system interface dropped alerts (`iface->incNumDroppedAlerts(1)`) ~~but drops are NOT counted.~~
- When any of the per-recipient queues is full, alerts are dropped with a queue trim but drops are NOT counted.

# Alert Recipients

Recipients are implemented as plugins, e.g., `plugins/{email,webhook}_alert_endpoint/`. Recipients are loaded in memory with `plugins_utils.getLoadedAlertEndpoints()`. A `require` is used to avoid loading them more than one time per Lua VM. Recipients are not loaded when enqueuing alerts, however, they are loaded when dequeuing alerts in `housekeeping.lua` which VM is re-used and only recreated once every two minutes.

It would be desirable to migrate current recipients implementation to an OO implementation to ease the monitoring of queue fill levels.

# Critical Points

- Only one in-memory queue is used for SQLite alerts and ntopng recipients.

  - An interface generating many alerts can jeopardize the queue and cause other interfaces alerts to be dropped.
  - An high number of alerts of a certain type can jeopardize the queue and cause alerts of other types to be dropped.
  
- When ~~the ntopng recipients queue or~~ any of the per-recipient queues is full, alerts are dropped but drops are NOT counted.
- `housekeeping.lua` is assumed to run every three seconds, however, it can be much slower than this, for example when it starts refreshing/downloading blacklists from the web. If the housekeeping gets stuck for a long time, alerts will not be dequeued, queues will grow, and eventually this will cause alert drops.
- ~~`notification_recipients.processNotifications` relies on `housekeeping.lua` running every three seconds (`(now % m.EXPORT_FREQUENCY) < periodic_frequency`). This is assumption is wrong and can cause alerts to stay in per-recipient queues indefinitely.~~
- `notification_recipients.processNotification` relies on `dequeueRecipientAlerts`. If `dequeueRecipientAlerts` is slow, or perform only one operation at time, then alerts will be processed at a much slower rate than the generation rate (e.g., currently, max 1 mail is sent out every minute). It would be ideal to process all recipients in round-robin until there's no more work to do.