diff --git a/.agents/skills/agent-core-dev/SKILL.md b/.agents/skills/agent-core-dev/SKILL.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8efbe0ab9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.agents/skills/agent-core-dev/SKILL.md
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+---
+name: agent-core-dev
+description: Use when developing in packages/agent-core-v2 (the DI × Scope agent engine) — adding or modifying a domain Service, choosing a LifecycleScope, wiring DI dependencies, splitting a domain across scopes, gating behavior behind an experimental flag, raising coded errors, working on the permission system, writing DI/Scope tests, or porting business logic from agent-core (v1) to v2. Self-contained guide organized by development stage (orient → design → implement → test → verify) plus an align workflow for v1→v2 migration; each file carries the rules, examples, and red lines for its step.
+---
+
+# agent-core-dev
+
+> Develop `packages/agent-core-v2` by lifecycle stage. This skill is **self-contained**: every rule, recipe, and red line lives in the stage files below — it does not delegate to `packages/agent-core-v2/docs/`.
+
+`agent-core-v2` is the new agent engine built on the **DI × Scope** architecture (a port of `packages/agent-core`). Everything resolves through the container: a service declares an **identity**, its **dependencies**, and a **lifetime**; the container decides construction, singleton-per-scope, ordering, and disposal. The stage files restate the rules in imperative form so you can work without reading the source docs.
+
+## Lifecycle at a glance
+
+```text
+Orient → Design → Implement → Test → Verify
+  │        │          │          │        │
+  │        │          │          │        └─ lint:domain · typecheck · test · dep graph · red lines
+  │        │          │          └─ test.md
+  │        │          └─ implement.md (+ errors.md · flags.md · permission.md)
+  │        └─ design.md
+  └─ orient.md
+```
+
+Stages are ordered but not strictly linear: a test failure (stage 4) that reveals a wrong scope sends you back to design (stage 2); a `CyclicDependencyError` sends you to `design.md` §dependency-direction and `implement.md` §cycles.
+
+## Workflows
+
+End-to-end procedures that span the stages. Reach for these before reading the stage files individually.
+
+- [Align (port `agent-core` → `agent-core-v2`)](align.md): split a v1 class into semantic units, fix each unit's domain / scope / Service / dependencies, then migrate the logic and tests. Use when the task is "move feature X from v1 to v2" or "port `IXxxService` to v2".
+
+## Stages
+
+- [Stage 1 — Orient](orient.md): the DI black box (identity / dependencies / lifetime), the four `LifecycleScope` tiers and visibility, and the file-header comment convention. Read before touching business code.
+- [Stage 2 — Design a service](design.md): pick a scope, split a domain across scopes, choose a calling style (direct call vs event vs hook), and direct dependencies. Decide *where things live and who knows whom* before coding.
+- [Stage 3 — Implement](implement.md): the standard Service recipe and the DI building blocks — interface + identity, constructor injection, scoped registration, `Disposable`, eager vs delayed, `invokeFunction`, `createInstance`, child scopes, and the cycle-refactor playbook.
+  - Topic: [Service authoring](service-authoring.md) — file layout, naming, contract vs impl contents, interface style, constructor/field conventions, events, multi-Service domains, comment rules.
+  - Topic: [Errors](errors.md) — co-located `XxxError`, the central code registry, wire serialization, boundary translation.
+  - Topic: [Flags](flags.md) — `FLAG_DEFINITIONS`, `IFlagService.enabled(id)`, the `[experimental]` config section, resolution precedence.
+  - Topic: [Permission](permission.md) — composable chain-of-responsibility kernel, policy registry + composer, `modes`/`agentTypes` metadata, `resolveExecution`/`accesses`.
+  - Topic: [Telemetry](telemetry.md) — emitting events via `ITelemetryService`, context propagation, and appender destinations (`ConsoleAppender` / `CloudAppender`).
+- [Stage 4 — Test](test.md): resolve the system under test by interface, pick `TestInstantiationService` vs `createScopedTestHost`, shared stubs, service groups, teardown.
+- [Stage 5 — Verify & submit](verify.md): `lint:domain`, `typecheck`, `test`, updating the DI × Scope dependency map, and the pre-submit checklist.
+
+## How to use this skill
+
+Jump to the stage you are in and read that one file; each is self-contained and ends with its own red lines. Skim the global red lines below before submitting — they catch most mistakes across every stage. The repo's source of truth remains the code in `packages/agent-core-v2/src/`; this skill codifies the same rules so you do not have to re-derive them.
+
+## Global red lines
+
+Invariants that hold across every stage. Each is expanded in the stage file noted.
+
+1. No `new` on a class whose constructor carries `@IService` deps — inject with `@IX` or `accessor.get(IX)`. (implement.md)
+2. `@IX` decorates constructor parameters only; parameter order depends on construction (static-first for `createInstance`, `@IX`-first for scoped services). (service-authoring.md)
+3. Both interface and impl carry `_serviceBrand`; the `createDecorator` name is globally unique. (implement.md)
+4. Parent scope never depends on child scope — short-lived may inject long-lived, never the reverse. (orient.md)
+5. No cyclic dependencies — refactor (extract a third Service / use an event / re-scope); do not break the cycle with `Delayed`. (design.md, implement.md)
+6. `ServicesAccessor` is valid only during `invokeFunction` — never stash it for async use. (implement.md)
+7. Scope follows state identity — no `Map<sessionId, …>` at `Core` to fake per-session state. (design.md)
+8. Foundational layers never know upstream ones; business code never depends on the edge layer (`gateway`/`rpc`). (design.md)
+9. Throw coded errors; register codes centrally; branch on `code` across the wire, never `instanceof`. (errors.md)
+10. Gate unreleased behavior behind a `FLAG_DEFINITIONS` flag; no ad-hoc env toggles. (flags.md)
+11. Tests resolve the SUT by interface; shared stubs live under `test/`, never `src/`. (test.md)
diff --git a/.agents/skills/agent-core-dev/telemetry.md b/.agents/skills/agent-core-dev/telemetry.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba7ce5db7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.agents/skills/agent-core-dev/telemetry.md
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# Topic — Telemetry
+
+Telemetry infrastructure for agent-core-v2: how business services emit events, how context propagates, and how events reach a destination through appenders.
+
+Telemetry is a **layer-1 root** domain (alongside `log`): pure `Core` scope, stateless, no business-domain dependencies. It is a thin facade — enrichment, batching, and transport belong to the appenders, not to this layer.
+
+## Where things live
+
+- `src/telemetry/telemetry.ts`: contract — `ITelemetryService` (facade), `ITelemetryAppender` (destination), `TelemetryProperties`, `nullTelemetryAppender`, and `TelemetryServiceOptions`.
+- `src/telemetry/telemetryService.ts`: `TelemetryService` impl + `registerScopedService(LifecycleScope.Core, …)`.
+- `src/telemetry/consoleAppender.ts`: `ConsoleAppender` — echoes events to a log function (dev / debug).
+- `src/telemetry/cloudAppender.ts`: `CloudAppender` — batches + enriches + posts to the telemetry endpoint.
+- `src/telemetry/cloudTransport.ts`: `CloudTransport` — HTTP transport behind `CloudAppender`.
+- `src/telemetry/index.ts`: barrel.
+
+## Emitting events (business services)
+
+Inject `ITelemetryService` and call `track`:
+
+```ts
+import { ITelemetryService } from '#/telemetry';
+
+constructor(@ITelemetryService private readonly telemetry: ITelemetryService) {}
+
+this.telemetry.track('cron_fired', { task_id: taskId, latency_ms: 12 });
+```
+
+`TelemetryService.track` merges the bound context into the properties and fans the event out to every registered appender. A single throwing appender is isolated via `onUnexpectedError` and never blocks the rest.
+
+### Context (sessionId / agentId / turnId)
+
+The service carries a bound context (`sessionId` / `agentId` / `turnId`) that is merged into every event. Bind it at construction or derive a scoped view:
+
+```ts
+const child = telemetry.withContext({ agentId: 'main', turnId: 't1' });
+child.track('tool.call', { name: 'bash' });   // carries sessionId + agentId + turnId
+```
+
+`withContext(patch)` returns a new service sharing the same appenders; per-call properties override bound context on key collision. `setContext(patch)` mutates the bound context in place and propagates to appenders that implement `setContext`.
+
+## Appenders (destinations)
+
+An appender is the destination an event is fanned out to. It is **not a DI Service** — it is a plain object implementing `ITelemetryAppender`, held by `TelemetryService`.
+
+```ts
+export interface ITelemetryAppender {
+  track(event: string, properties?: TelemetryProperties): void;
+  withContext?(patch: TelemetryContextPatch): ITelemetryAppender;
+  setContext?(patch: TelemetryContextPatch): void;
+  flush?(): Promise<void> | void;
+  shutdown?(): Promise<void> | void;
+}
+```
+
+Built-in appenders:
+
+- `ConsoleAppender` — `[telemetry] <event> <json>` to a log function (default `console.log`); options `prefix` / `pretty` / `log`.
+- `CloudAppender` — batches events, enriches with common context (`app_name` / `version` / `platform` / …), and posts to `https://telemetry-logs.kimi.com/v1/event` through `CloudTransport` (Bearer auth, retry, on-disk fallback). Options: `homeDir` / `deviceId` / `sessionId?` / `appName` / `version` / `uiMode?` / `model?` / `getAccessToken?` / `endpoint?` / `flushThreshold?` / `flushIntervalMs?`.
+
+### Registering appenders (bootstrap)
+
+Appenders are added after the Core scope exists, by resolving the service and calling `addAppender`:
+
+```ts
+const core = createCoreScope();
+const telemetry = core.accessor.get(ITelemetryService);
+
+telemetry.addAppender(new ConsoleAppender({ prefix: '[dev]' }));   // dev echo
+telemetry.addAppender(new CloudAppender({                          // production
+  homeDir, deviceId, sessionId,
+  appName: 'kimi-code', version, uiMode: 'shell', model,
+  getAccessToken: () => auth.getCachedAccessToken(KIMI_CODE_PROVIDER_NAME),
+}));
+```
+
+`addAppender` returns an `IDisposable` that removes the appender when disposed. `setAppender(appender)` resets to a single appender (mainly for tests). `removeAppender(appender)` drops one.
+
+> There is no production bootstrap wired yet — `TelemetryService` defaults to `[nullTelemetryAppender]`, so `track(...)` is a no-op until `addAppender` is called at startup.
+
+## Lifecycle
+
+- `setEnabled(false)` drops `track` (service-level switch); `setEnabled(true)` resumes. `flush` / `shutdown` are unaffected by the switch.
+- `flush()` / `shutdown()` fan out to all appenders concurrently; a single rejecting appender is swallowed. Await `shutdown()` before process exit so buffered events (e.g. in `CloudAppender`) are sent.
+
+## Red lines (this topic)
+
+- Business services depend only on `ITelemetryService` — never import an appender class.
+- Telemetry is layer-1 root: do not inject any business-domain service into it, and do not move it off `Core`.
+- Appenders are plain `ITelemetryAppender` objects, not DI Services — register them with `addAppender`, never via `registerScopedService`.
+- `track` is fire-and-forget and must not throw; appender `track` must be synchronous — buffer and send asynchronously via `flush` / `shutdown`.
+- Await `telemetry.shutdown()` before process exit when a buffering appender is registered.
+- Keep event names stable; properties must be JSON-serializable primitives (non-primitives are dropped by `CloudAppender`).
diff --git a/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/cloudSink.ts b/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/cloudAppender.ts
similarity index 89%
rename from packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/cloudSink.ts
rename to packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/cloudAppender.ts
index b543e1d97..3a8d20b11 100644
--- a/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/cloudSink.ts
+++ b/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/cloudAppender.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 /**
- * `telemetry` domain (L1) — `CloudSink`, a `TelemetryClient` that batches
- * events, enriches them with common context, and posts them to the telemetry
- * endpoint through `CloudTransport`. Core-scoped; has no cross-domain
+ * `telemetry` domain (L1) — `CloudAppender`, an `ITelemetryAppender` that
+ * batches events, enriches them with common context, and posts them to the
+ * telemetry endpoint through `CloudTransport`. Core-scoped; has no cross-domain
  * collaborators and is independent of `@moonshot-ai/kimi-telemetry`.
  */
 
 import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto';
 import { arch, platform, release } from 'node:os';
 
-import type { TelemetryClient, TelemetryContextPatch, TelemetryProperties } from './telemetry';
+import type { ITelemetryAppender, TelemetryContextPatch, TelemetryProperties } from './telemetry';
 import {
   type CloudContext,
   type CloudPrimitive,
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ import {
   isCloudPrimitive,
 } from './cloudTransport';
 
-export interface CloudSinkOptions {
+export interface CloudAppenderOptions {
   readonly homeDir: string;
   readonly deviceId: string;
   readonly sessionId?: string;
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ export interface CloudSinkOptions {
 const DEFAULT_FLUSH_THRESHOLD = 50;
 const DEFAULT_FLUSH_INTERVAL_MS = 30_000;
 
-export class CloudSink implements TelemetryClient {
+export class CloudAppender implements ITelemetryAppender {
   private readonly transport: CloudTransport;
   private readonly context: CloudContext;
   private readonly flushThreshold: number;
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ export class CloudSink implements TelemetryClient {
   private buffer: EnrichedCloudEvent[] = [];
   private flushTimer: ReturnType<typeof setInterval> | null = null;
 
-  constructor(options: CloudSinkOptions) {
+  constructor(options: CloudAppenderOptions) {
     this.deviceId = options.deviceId;
     this.sessionId = options.sessionId ?? null;
     this.flushThreshold = options.flushThreshold ?? DEFAULT_FLUSH_THRESHOLD;
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ function sanitizeProperties(input?: TelemetryProperties): CloudProperties {
   return out;
 }
 
-function buildContext(options: CloudSinkOptions): CloudContext {
+function buildContext(options: CloudAppenderOptions): CloudContext {
   const env = options.env ?? process.env;
   const context: CloudContext = {
     app_name: options.appName,
diff --git a/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/cloudTransport.ts b/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/cloudTransport.ts
index d497b17af..1ddbba6d1 100644
--- a/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/cloudTransport.ts
+++ b/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/cloudTransport.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /**
  * `telemetry` domain (L1) — `CloudTransport`, the HTTP transport behind
- * `CloudSink`. Posts enriched events to the telemetry endpoint with Bearer
+ * `CloudAppender`. Posts enriched events to the telemetry endpoint with Bearer
  * auth, retry, and on-disk fallback for failed events. Core-scoped; has no
  * cross-domain collaborators and is independent of `@moonshot-ai/kimi-telemetry`.
  */
diff --git a/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/consoleSink.ts b/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/consoleAppender.ts
similarity index 69%
rename from packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/consoleSink.ts
rename to packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/consoleAppender.ts
index 1ec835290..cad044f98 100644
--- a/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/consoleSink.ts
+++ b/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/consoleAppender.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 /**
- * `telemetry` domain (L1) — `ConsoleSink`, a `TelemetryClient` that echoes
- * events to a log function for development and debugging. Core-scoped; has no
- * cross-domain collaborators.
+ * `telemetry` domain (L1) — `ConsoleAppender`, an `ITelemetryAppender` that
+ * echoes events to a log function for development and debugging. Core-scoped;
+ * has no cross-domain collaborators.
  */
 
-import type { TelemetryClient, TelemetryProperties } from './telemetry';
+import type { ITelemetryAppender, TelemetryProperties } from './telemetry';
 
-export interface ConsoleSinkOptions {
+export interface ConsoleAppenderOptions {
   readonly prefix?: string;
   readonly pretty?: boolean;
   readonly log?: (message: string) => void;
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@ export interface ConsoleSinkOptions {
 
 const DEFAULT_PREFIX = '[telemetry]';
 
-export class ConsoleSink implements TelemetryClient {
+export class ConsoleAppender implements ITelemetryAppender {
   private readonly prefix: string;
   private readonly pretty: boolean;
   private readonly log: (message: string) => void;
 
-  constructor(options: ConsoleSinkOptions = {}) {
+  constructor(options: ConsoleAppenderOptions = {}) {
     this.prefix = options.prefix ?? DEFAULT_PREFIX;
     this.pretty = options.pretty ?? false;
     this.log = options.log ?? defaultLog;
diff --git a/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/index.ts b/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/index.ts
index be9704798..88b5c0a49 100644
--- a/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/index.ts
+++ b/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/index.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 /**
  * `telemetry` domain barrel — re-exports the `telemetry` contract, its scoped
- * service (`telemetryService`), and the bundled sinks (`ConsoleSink`,
- * `CloudSink`). Importing this barrel registers the `ITelemetryService`
+ * service (`telemetryService`), and the bundled appenders (`ConsoleAppender`,
+ * `CloudAppender`). Importing this barrel registers the `ITelemetryService`
  * binding into the scope registry.
  */
 
 export * from './telemetry';
 export * from './telemetryService';
-export * from './consoleSink';
-export * from './cloudSink';
+export * from './consoleAppender';
+export * from './cloudAppender';
diff --git a/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/telemetry.ts b/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/telemetry.ts
index 7a673ac03..0653751db 100644
--- a/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/telemetry.ts
+++ b/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/telemetry.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 /**
- * `telemetry` domain (L1) — `ITelemetryService` contract and sink types.
+ * `telemetry` domain (L1) — `ITelemetryService` contract and appender types.
  *
  * Layer-1 root service: merges bound context into tracked events and fans
- * them out to one or more `TelemetryClient` sinks. Core-scoped — stateless
- * beyond its sink set and bound context; enrichment, batching, and transport
- * are owned by the sinks, not by this layer. Defines the `TelemetryClient`
- * sink contract, the `ITelemetryService` facade, the service options, and the
- * no-op sink.
+ * them out to one or more `ITelemetryAppender` destinations. Core-scoped —
+ * stateless beyond its appender set and bound context; enrichment, batching,
+ * and transport are owned by the appenders, not by this layer. Defines the
+ * `ITelemetryAppender` contract, the `ITelemetryService` facade, the service
+ * options, and the null appender.
  */
 
 import { createDecorator } from '#/_base/di/instantiation';
@@ -18,17 +18,17 @@ export type TelemetryProperties = Readonly<Record<string, TelemetryPropertyValue
 
 export type TelemetryContextPatch = TelemetryProperties;
 
-export interface TelemetryClient {
+export interface ITelemetryAppender {
   track(event: string, properties?: TelemetryProperties): void;
-  withContext?(patch: TelemetryContextPatch): TelemetryClient;
+  withContext?(patch: TelemetryContextPatch): ITelemetryAppender;
   setContext?(patch: TelemetryContextPatch): void;
   flush?(): Promise<void> | void;
   shutdown?(): Promise<void> | void;
 }
 
 export interface TelemetryServiceOptions {
-  readonly client?: TelemetryClient;
-  readonly clients?: readonly TelemetryClient[];
+  readonly appender?: ITelemetryAppender;
+  readonly appenders?: readonly ITelemetryAppender[];
   readonly context?: TelemetryProperties;
   readonly sessionId?: string;
   readonly agentId?: string;
@@ -40,17 +40,17 @@ export interface ITelemetryService {
   track(event: string, properties?: TelemetryProperties): void;
   withContext(patch: TelemetryContextPatch): ITelemetryService;
   setContext(patch: TelemetryContextPatch): void;
-  addSink(client: TelemetryClient): IDisposable;
-  removeSink(client: TelemetryClient): void;
-  setDelegate(client: TelemetryClient): void;
+  addAppender(appender: ITelemetryAppender): IDisposable;
+  removeAppender(appender: ITelemetryAppender): void;
+  setAppender(appender: ITelemetryAppender): void;
   setEnabled(enabled: boolean): void;
   flush(): Promise<void>;
   shutdown(): Promise<void>;
 }
 
-export const noopTelemetryClient: TelemetryClient = {
+export const nullTelemetryAppender: ITelemetryAppender = {
   track: () => {},
-  withContext: () => noopTelemetryClient,
+  withContext: () => nullTelemetryAppender,
   setContext: () => {},
   flush: () => {},
   shutdown: () => {},
diff --git a/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/telemetryService.ts b/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/telemetryService.ts
index 8d8609d26..d00ba0776 100644
--- a/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/telemetryService.ts
+++ b/packages/agent-core-v2/src/telemetry/telemetryService.ts
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
  * `telemetry` domain (L1) — `ITelemetryService` implementation.
  *
  * Merges bound context into each tracked event and fans it out to the
- * registered `TelemetryClient` sinks; owns the sink set, the enabled flag,
- * and the bound context, but no enrichment or transport of its own. Bound at
- * Core scope; has no cross-domain collaborators.
+ * registered `ITelemetryAppender` destinations; owns the appender set, the
+ * enabled flag, and the bound context, but no enrichment or transport of its
+ * own. Bound at Core scope; has no cross-domain collaborators.
  */
 
 import { InstantiationType } from '#/_base/di/extensions';
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ import { onUnexpectedError } from '#/_base/errors/unexpectedError';
 
 import {
   ITelemetryService,
-  noopTelemetryClient,
-  type TelemetryClient,
+  type ITelemetryAppender,
+  nullTelemetryAppender,
   type TelemetryContextPatch,
   type TelemetryProperties,
   type TelemetryServiceOptions,
@@ -24,12 +24,12 @@ import {
 export class TelemetryService implements ITelemetryService {
   declare readonly _serviceBrand: undefined;
 
-  private sinks: TelemetryClient[];
+  private appenders: ITelemetryAppender[];
   private context: TelemetryProperties;
   private enabled = true;
 
   constructor(options: TelemetryServiceOptions = {}) {
-    this.sinks = resolveSinks(options);
+    this.appenders = resolveAppenders(options);
     this.context = {
       ...options.context,
       ...definedContext({
@@ -45,9 +45,9 @@ export class TelemetryService implements ITelemetryService {
       return;
     }
     const merged = { ...this.context, ...properties };
-    for (const sink of this.sinks) {
+    for (const appender of this.appenders) {
       try {
-        sink.track(event, merged);
+        appender.track(event, merged);
       } catch (err) {
         onUnexpectedError(err);
       }
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ export class TelemetryService implements ITelemetryService {
 
   withContext(patch: TelemetryContextPatch): ITelemetryService {
     const child = new TelemetryService({
-      clients: this.sinks.map((sink) => sink.withContext?.(patch) ?? sink),
+      appenders: this.appenders.map((appender) => appender.withContext?.(patch) ?? appender),
       context: { ...this.context, ...patch },
     });
     child.enabled = this.enabled;
@@ -65,22 +65,22 @@ export class TelemetryService implements ITelemetryService {
 
   setContext(patch: TelemetryContextPatch): void {
     this.context = { ...this.context, ...patch };
-    for (const sink of this.sinks) {
-      sink.setContext?.(patch);
+    for (const appender of this.appenders) {
+      appender.setContext?.(patch);
     }
   }
 
-  addSink(client: TelemetryClient): IDisposable {
-    this.sinks.push(client);
-    return toDisposable(() => this.removeSink(client));
+  addAppender(appender: ITelemetryAppender): IDisposable {
+    this.appenders.push(appender);
+    return toDisposable(() => this.removeAppender(appender));
   }
 
-  removeSink(client: TelemetryClient): void {
-    this.sinks = this.sinks.filter((sink) => sink !== client);
+  removeAppender(appender: ITelemetryAppender): void {
+    this.appenders = this.appenders.filter((a) => a !== appender);
   }
 
-  setDelegate(client: TelemetryClient): void {
-    this.sinks = [client];
+  setAppender(appender: ITelemetryAppender): void {
+    this.appenders = [appender];
   }
 
   setEnabled(enabled: boolean): void {
@@ -89,16 +89,16 @@ export class TelemetryService implements ITelemetryService {
 
   async flush(): Promise<void> {
     await Promise.all(
-      this.sinks.map((sink) =>
-        Promise.resolve(sink.flush?.()).catch(onUnexpectedError),
+      this.appenders.map((appender) =>
+        Promise.resolve(appender.flush?.()).catch(onUnexpectedError),
       ),
     );
   }
 
   async shutdown(): Promise<void> {
     await Promise.all(
-      this.sinks.map((sink) =>
-        Promise.resolve(sink.shutdown?.()).catch(onUnexpectedError),
+      this.appenders.map((appender) =>
+        Promise.resolve(appender.shutdown?.()).catch(onUnexpectedError),
       ),
     );
   }
@@ -112,11 +112,11 @@ registerScopedService(
   'telemetry',
 );
 
-function resolveSinks(options: TelemetryServiceOptions): TelemetryClient[] {
-  if (options.clients !== undefined) {
-    return options.clients.length > 0 ? [...options.clients] : [noopTelemetryClient];
+function resolveAppenders(options: TelemetryServiceOptions): ITelemetryAppender[] {
+  if (options.appenders !== undefined) {
+    return options.appenders.length > 0 ? [...options.appenders] : [nullTelemetryAppender];
   }
-  return [options.client ?? noopTelemetryClient];
+  return [options.appender ?? nullTelemetryAppender];
 }
 
 function definedContext(input: TelemetryProperties): TelemetryProperties {
diff --git a/packages/agent-core-v2/test/telemetry/cloudSink.test.ts b/packages/agent-core-v2/test/telemetry/cloudAppender.test.ts
similarity index 83%
rename from packages/agent-core-v2/test/telemetry/cloudSink.test.ts
rename to packages/agent-core-v2/test/telemetry/cloudAppender.test.ts
index dc89715af..749b83f96 100644
--- a/packages/agent-core-v2/test/telemetry/cloudSink.test.ts
+++ b/packages/agent-core-v2/test/telemetry/cloudAppender.test.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { join } from 'node:path';
 
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
 
-import { CloudSink, type CloudSinkOptions } from '#/telemetry/cloudSink';
+import { CloudAppender, type CloudAppenderOptions } from '#/telemetry/cloudAppender';
 
 interface CapturedRequest {
   readonly url: string;
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ function statusResponse(status: number): Response {
   return new Response(null, { status });
 }
 
-function baseOptions(overrides: Partial<CloudSinkOptions> = {}): CloudSinkOptions {
+function baseOptions(overrides: Partial<CloudAppenderOptions> = {}): CloudAppenderOptions {
   return {
     homeDir: overrides.homeDir ?? '',
     deviceId: overrides.deviceId ?? 'dev',
@@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ function baseOptions(overrides: Partial<CloudSinkOptions> = {}): CloudSinkOption
   };
 }
 
-describe('CloudSink', () => {
+describe('CloudAppender', () => {
   let homeDir: string;
 
   beforeEach(() => {
-    homeDir = mkdtempSync(join(tmpdir(), 'cloud-sink-'));
+    homeDir = mkdtempSync(join(tmpdir(), 'cloud-appender-'));
   });
 
   afterEach(() => {
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ describe('CloudSink', () => {
 
   it('sends a flattened, prefixed payload with user_id and context', async () => {
     const requests: CapturedRequest[] = [];
-    const sink = new CloudSink(
+    const appender = new CloudAppender(
       baseOptions({
         homeDir,
         deviceId: 'dev123',
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ describe('CloudSink', () => {
       }),
     );
 
-    sink.track('tool.call', { name: 'bash', count: 2 });
-    await sink.flush();
+    appender.track('tool.call', { name: 'bash', count: 2 });
+    await appender.flush();
 
     expect(requests).toHaveLength(1);
     expect(requests[0]?.url).toBe('https://telemetry-logs.kimi.com/v1/event');
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ describe('CloudSink', () => {
 
   it('sends Authorization header when a token is provided', async () => {
     const requests: CapturedRequest[] = [];
-    const sink = new CloudSink(
+    const appender = new CloudAppender(
       baseOptions({
         homeDir,
         getAccessToken: () => 'tok123',
@@ -105,15 +105,15 @@ describe('CloudSink', () => {
       }),
     );
 
-    sink.track('evt');
-    await sink.flush();
+    appender.track('evt');
+    await appender.flush();
 
     expect(requests[0]?.headers['Authorization']).toBe('Bearer tok123');
   });
 
   it('auto-flushes when the buffer reaches the threshold', async () => {
     let sends = 0;
-    const sink = new CloudSink(
+    const appender = new CloudAppender(
       baseOptions({
         homeDir,
         flushThreshold: 3,
@@ -124,17 +124,17 @@ describe('CloudSink', () => {
       }),
     );
 
-    sink.track('e1');
-    sink.track('e2');
+    appender.track('e1');
+    appender.track('e2');
     expect(sends).toBe(0);
-    sink.track('e3');
+    appender.track('e3');
     await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 20));
     expect(sends).toBe(1);
   });
 
   it('shutdown flushes the remaining buffered events', async () => {
     let sends = 0;
-    const sink = new CloudSink(
+    const appender = new CloudAppender(
       baseOptions({
         homeDir,
         fetchImpl: makeFetch(() => {
@@ -144,14 +144,14 @@ describe('CloudSink', () => {
       }),
     );
 
-    sink.track('e1');
-    await sink.shutdown();
+    appender.track('e1');
+    await appender.shutdown();
     expect(sends).toBe(1);
   });
 
   it('retries on 5xx and saves to disk after exhausting backoffs', async () => {
     let attempts = 0;
-    const sink = new CloudSink(
+    const appender = new CloudAppender(
       baseOptions({
         homeDir,
         fetchImpl: makeFetch(() => {
@@ -161,8 +161,8 @@ describe('CloudSink', () => {
       }),
     );
 
-    sink.track('evt');
-    await sink.flush();
+    appender.track('evt');
+    await appender.flush();
 
     expect(attempts).toBe(4);
     const files = readdirSync(join(homeDir, 'telemetry')).filter((f) => f.startsWith('failed_'));
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ describe('CloudSink', () => {
 
   it('retries a 401 once without the Authorization header', async () => {
     const seenAuths: (string | undefined)[] = [];
-    const sink = new CloudSink(
+    const appender = new CloudAppender(
       baseOptions({
         homeDir,
         getAccessToken: () => 'tok',
@@ -185,29 +185,29 @@ describe('CloudSink', () => {
       }),
     );
 
-    sink.track('evt');
-    await sink.flush();
+    appender.track('evt');
+    await appender.flush();
 
     expect(seenAuths).toEqual(['Bearer tok', undefined]);
   });
 
   it('retryDiskEvents resends saved events and removes the file on success', async () => {
     let shouldFail = true;
-    const sink = new CloudSink(
+    const appender = new CloudAppender(
       baseOptions({
         homeDir,
         fetchImpl: makeFetch(() => (shouldFail ? statusResponse(500) : okResponse())),
       }),
     );
 
-    sink.track('evt');
-    await sink.flush();
+    appender.track('evt');
+    await appender.flush();
     expect(
       readdirSync(join(homeDir, 'telemetry')).filter((f) => f.startsWith('failed_')),
     ).toHaveLength(1);
 
     shouldFail = false;
-    await sink.retryDiskEvents();
+    await appender.retryDiskEvents();
     expect(
       readdirSync(join(homeDir, 'telemetry')).filter((f) => f.startsWith('failed_')),
     ).toHaveLength(0);
diff --git a/packages/agent-core-v2/test/telemetry/consoleSink.test.ts b/packages/agent-core-v2/test/telemetry/consoleAppender.test.ts
similarity index 54%
rename from packages/agent-core-v2/test/telemetry/consoleSink.test.ts
rename to packages/agent-core-v2/test/telemetry/consoleAppender.test.ts
index 1f65a4600..fdd3aa6a8 100644
--- a/packages/agent-core-v2/test/telemetry/consoleSink.test.ts
+++ b/packages/agent-core-v2/test/telemetry/consoleAppender.test.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
 
-import { ConsoleSink } from '#/telemetry/consoleSink';
+import { ConsoleAppender } from '#/telemetry/consoleAppender';
 
-describe('ConsoleSink', () => {
+describe('ConsoleAppender', () => {
   it('logs event name and properties with the default prefix', () => {
     const lines: string[] = [];
-    const sink = new ConsoleSink({ log: (message) => lines.push(message) });
-    sink.track('tool.call', { name: 'bash', count: 1 });
+    const appender = new ConsoleAppender({ log: (message) => lines.push(message) });
+    appender.track('tool.call', { name: 'bash', count: 1 });
     expect(lines).toHaveLength(1);
     expect(lines[0]).toContain('[telemetry] tool.call');
     expect(lines[0]).toContain('"name":"bash"');
@@ -15,22 +15,22 @@ describe('ConsoleSink', () => {
 
   it('uses a custom prefix', () => {
     const lines: string[] = [];
-    const sink = new ConsoleSink({ prefix: '[dbg]', log: (message) => lines.push(message) });
-    sink.track('evt');
+    const appender = new ConsoleAppender({ prefix: '[dbg]', log: (message) => lines.push(message) });
+    appender.track('evt');
     expect(lines[0]).toBe('[dbg] evt');
   });
 
   it('omits the payload when properties is undefined', () => {
     const lines: string[] = [];
-    const sink = new ConsoleSink({ log: (message) => lines.push(message) });
-    sink.track('evt');
+    const appender = new ConsoleAppender({ log: (message) => lines.push(message) });
+    appender.track('evt');
     expect(lines[0]).toBe('[telemetry] evt');
   });
 
   it('pretty-prints properties when requested', () => {
     const lines: string[] = [];
-    const sink = new ConsoleSink({ pretty: true, log: (message) => lines.push(message) });
-    sink.track('evt', { a: 1 });
+    const appender = new ConsoleAppender({ pretty: true, log: (message) => lines.push(message) });
+    appender.track('evt', { a: 1 });
     expect(lines[0]).toContain('\n');
   });
 });
diff --git a/packages/agent-core-v2/test/telemetry/telemetryService.test.ts b/packages/agent-core-v2/test/telemetry/telemetryService.test.ts
index 9a5062e1b..d7271a7c3 100644
--- a/packages/agent-core-v2/test/telemetry/telemetryService.test.ts
+++ b/packages/agent-core-v2/test/telemetry/telemetryService.test.ts
@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ import {
   setUnexpectedErrorHandler,
 } from '#/_base/errors/unexpectedError';
 import {
-  type TelemetryClient,
+  type ITelemetryAppender,
   type TelemetryProperties,
   ITelemetryService,
   TelemetryService,
 } from '#/telemetry/index';
 
-class CapturingClient implements TelemetryClient {
+class CapturingAppender implements ITelemetryAppender {
   readonly events: { event: string; properties?: TelemetryProperties }[] = [];
   flushCalls = 0;
   shutdownCalls = 0;
@@ -36,23 +36,23 @@ describe('TelemetryService (unit)', () => {
   });
 
   it('merges bound context into tracked properties', () => {
-    const client = new CapturingClient();
+    const appender = new CapturingAppender();
     const svc = new TelemetryService({ sessionId: 's1' });
-    svc.setDelegate(client);
+    svc.setAppender(appender);
     svc.track('turn.start', { agentId: 'main' });
-    expect(client.events[0]).toEqual({
+    expect(appender.events[0]).toEqual({
       event: 'turn.start',
       properties: { sessionId: 's1', agentId: 'main' },
     });
   });
 
-  it('withContext merges context and shares the delegate', () => {
-    const client = new CapturingClient();
+  it('withContext merges context and shares the appender', () => {
+    const appender = new CapturingAppender();
     const root = new TelemetryService({ sessionId: 's1' });
-    root.setDelegate(client);
+    root.setAppender(appender);
     const child = root.withContext({ agentId: 'main', turnId: 't1' });
     child.track('tool.call', { name: 'bash' });
-    expect(client.events[0]?.properties).toEqual({
+    expect(appender.events[0]?.properties).toEqual({
       sessionId: 's1',
       agentId: 'main',
       turnId: 't1',
@@ -61,27 +61,27 @@ describe('TelemetryService (unit)', () => {
   });
 
   it('per-call properties override bound context on key collision', () => {
-    const client = new CapturingClient();
+    const appender = new CapturingAppender();
     const svc = new TelemetryService({ sessionId: 's1' });
-    svc.setDelegate(client);
+    svc.setAppender(appender);
     svc.track('evt', { sessionId: 'override' });
-    expect(client.events[0]?.properties?.['sessionId']).toBe('override');
+    expect(appender.events[0]?.properties?.['sessionId']).toBe('override');
   });
 
-  it('fans out to every sink passed via clients', () => {
-    const a = new CapturingClient();
-    const b = new CapturingClient();
-    const svc = new TelemetryService({ clients: [a, b] });
+  it('fans out to every appender passed via appenders', () => {
+    const a = new CapturingAppender();
+    const b = new CapturingAppender();
+    const svc = new TelemetryService({ appenders: [a, b] });
     svc.track('evt', { x: 1 });
     expect(a.events).toEqual([{ event: 'evt', properties: { x: 1 } }]);
     expect(b.events).toEqual([{ event: 'evt', properties: { x: 1 } }]);
   });
 
-  it('addSink registers a sink and its disposable removes it', () => {
-    const a = new CapturingClient();
-    const b = new CapturingClient();
-    const svc = new TelemetryService({ client: a });
-    const disposable = svc.addSink(b);
+  it('addAppender registers an appender and its disposable removes it', () => {
+    const a = new CapturingAppender();
+    const b = new CapturingAppender();
+    const svc = new TelemetryService({ appender: a });
+    const disposable = svc.addAppender(b);
     svc.track('first');
     expect(a.events).toHaveLength(1);
     expect(b.events).toHaveLength(1);
@@ -91,57 +91,57 @@ describe('TelemetryService (unit)', () => {
     expect(b.events).toHaveLength(1);
   });
 
-  it('removeSink stops delivery to that sink', () => {
-    const a = new CapturingClient();
-    const b = new CapturingClient();
-    const svc = new TelemetryService({ clients: [a, b] });
-    svc.removeSink(a);
+  it('removeAppender stops delivery to that appender', () => {
+    const a = new CapturingAppender();
+    const b = new CapturingAppender();
+    const svc = new TelemetryService({ appenders: [a, b] });
+    svc.removeAppender(a);
     svc.track('evt');
     expect(a.events).toHaveLength(0);
     expect(b.events).toHaveLength(1);
   });
 
   it('setEnabled(false) drops track; setEnabled(true) resumes', () => {
-    const client = new CapturingClient();
-    const svc = new TelemetryService({ client });
+    const appender = new CapturingAppender();
+    const svc = new TelemetryService({ appender });
     svc.setEnabled(false);
     svc.track('dropped');
-    expect(client.events).toHaveLength(0);
+    expect(appender.events).toHaveLength(0);
     svc.setEnabled(true);
     svc.track('sent');
-    expect(client.events).toEqual([{ event: 'sent', properties: {} }]);
+    expect(appender.events).toEqual([{ event: 'sent', properties: {} }]);
   });
 
   it('withContext child inherits enabled state at creation', () => {
-    const client = new CapturingClient();
-    const root = new TelemetryService({ client });
+    const appender = new CapturingAppender();
+    const root = new TelemetryService({ appender });
     root.setEnabled(false);
     const child = root.withContext({ turnId: 't1' });
     child.track('dropped');
-    expect(client.events).toHaveLength(0);
+    expect(appender.events).toHaveLength(0);
   });
 
-  it('flush fans out to every sink', async () => {
-    const a = new CapturingClient();
-    const b = new CapturingClient();
-    const svc = new TelemetryService({ clients: [a, b] });
+  it('flush fans out to every appender', async () => {
+    const a = new CapturingAppender();
+    const b = new CapturingAppender();
+    const svc = new TelemetryService({ appenders: [a, b] });
     await svc.flush();
     expect(a.flushCalls).toBe(1);
     expect(b.flushCalls).toBe(1);
   });
 
-  it('shutdown fans out to every sink', async () => {
-    const a = new CapturingClient();
-    const b = new CapturingClient();
-    const svc = new TelemetryService({ clients: [a, b] });
+  it('shutdown fans out to every appender', async () => {
+    const a = new CapturingAppender();
+    const b = new CapturingAppender();
+    const svc = new TelemetryService({ appenders: [a, b] });
     await svc.shutdown();
     expect(a.shutdownCalls).toBe(1);
     expect(b.shutdownCalls).toBe(1);
   });
 
-  it('flush is a no-op for sinks without flush', async () => {
-    const minimal: TelemetryClient = { track() {} };
-    const svc = new TelemetryService({ client: minimal });
+  it('flush is a no-op for appenders without flush', async () => {
+    const minimal: ITelemetryAppender = { track() {} };
+    const svc = new TelemetryService({ appender: minimal });
     await expect(svc.flush()).resolves.toBeUndefined();
     await expect(svc.shutdown()).resolves.toBeUndefined();
   });
@@ -151,40 +151,40 @@ describe('TelemetryService (error isolation)', () => {
   beforeEach(() => setUnexpectedErrorHandler(() => {}));
   afterEach(() => resetUnexpectedErrorHandler());
 
-  it('a throwing sink does not prevent delivery to other sinks', () => {
-    const bad: TelemetryClient = {
+  it('a throwing appender does not prevent delivery to other appenders', () => {
+    const bad: ITelemetryAppender = {
       track() {
         throw new Error('boom');
       },
     };
-    const good = new CapturingClient();
-    const svc = new TelemetryService({ clients: [bad, good] });
+    const good = new CapturingAppender();
+    const svc = new TelemetryService({ appenders: [bad, good] });
     expect(() => svc.track('evt')).not.toThrow();
     expect(good.events).toEqual([{ event: 'evt', properties: {} }]);
   });
 
-  it('flush tolerates a rejecting sink and still flushes the rest', async () => {
-    const bad: TelemetryClient = {
+  it('flush tolerates a rejecting appender and still flushes the rest', async () => {
+    const bad: ITelemetryAppender = {
       track() {},
       async flush() {
         throw new Error('boom');
       },
     };
-    const good = new CapturingClient();
-    const svc = new TelemetryService({ clients: [bad, good] });
+    const good = new CapturingAppender();
+    const svc = new TelemetryService({ appenders: [bad, good] });
     await expect(svc.flush()).resolves.toBeUndefined();
     expect(good.flushCalls).toBe(1);
   });
 
-  it('shutdown tolerates a rejecting sink and still shuts down the rest', async () => {
-    const bad: TelemetryClient = {
+  it('shutdown tolerates a rejecting appender and still shuts down the rest', async () => {
+    const bad: ITelemetryAppender = {
       track() {},
       async shutdown() {
         throw new Error('boom');
       },
     };
-    const good = new CapturingClient();
-    const svc = new TelemetryService({ clients: [bad, good] });
+    const good = new CapturingAppender();
+    const svc = new TelemetryService({ appenders: [bad, good] });
     await expect(svc.shutdown()).resolves.toBeUndefined();
     expect(good.shutdownCalls).toBe(1);
   });