diff --git a/database/controller.go b/database/controller.go
index 51699f4..a9f9d48 100644
--- a/database/controller.go
+++ b/database/controller.go
@@ -137,6 +137,32 @@ func (c *Controller) Put(r record.Record) (err error) {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// PutMany stores many records in the database.
+func (c *Controller) PutMany() (chan<- record.Record, <-chan error) {
+	c.writeLock.RLock()
+	defer c.writeLock.RUnlock()
+
+	if shuttingDown.IsSet() {
+		errs := make(chan error, 1)
+		errs <- ErrShuttingDown
+		return make(chan record.Record), errs
+	}
+
+	if c.ReadOnly() {
+		errs := make(chan error, 1)
+		errs <- ErrReadOnly
+		return make(chan record.Record), errs
+	}
+
+	if batcher, ok := c.storage.(storage.Batcher); ok {
+		return batcher.PutMany()
+	}
+
+	errs := make(chan error, 1)
+	errs <- ErrNotImplemented
+	return make(chan record.Record), errs
+}
+
 // Query executes the given query on the database.
 func (c *Controller) Query(q *query.Query, local, internal bool) (*iterator.Iterator, error) {
 	c.readLock.RLock()
diff --git a/database/database_test.go b/database/database_test.go
index f2e2920..6367648 100644
--- a/database/database_test.go
+++ b/database/database_test.go
@@ -10,10 +10,13 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/safing/portbase/database/record"
+
 	q "github.com/safing/portbase/database/query"
 	_ "github.com/safing/portbase/database/storage/badger"
 	_ "github.com/safing/portbase/database/storage/bbolt"
 	_ "github.com/safing/portbase/database/storage/fstree"
+	_ "github.com/safing/portbase/database/storage/hashmap"
 )
 
 func makeKey(dbName, key string) string {
@@ -39,7 +42,10 @@ func testDatabase(t *testing.T, storageType string) {
 	}
 
 	// interface
-	db := NewInterface(nil)
+	db := NewInterface(&Options{
+		Local:    true,
+		Internal: true,
+	})
 
 	// sub
 	sub, err := db.Subscribe(q.New(dbName).MustBeValid())
@@ -107,6 +113,18 @@ func testDatabase(t *testing.T, storageType string) {
 		t.Fatalf("expected two records, got %d", cnt)
 	}
 
+	switch storageType {
+	case "bbolt", "hashmap":
+		batchPut := db.PutMany(dbName)
+		records := []record.Record{A, B, C, nil} // nil is to signify finish
+		for _, r := range records {
+			err = batchPut(r)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	err = hook.Cancel()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -142,6 +160,7 @@ func TestDatabaseSystem(t *testing.T) {
 	testDatabase(t, "badger")
 	testDatabase(t, "bbolt")
 	testDatabase(t, "fstree")
+	testDatabase(t, "hashmap")
 
 	err = MaintainRecordStates()
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/database/errors.go b/database/errors.go
index cae280d..9d22b53 100644
--- a/database/errors.go
+++ b/database/errors.go
@@ -10,4 +10,5 @@ var (
 	ErrPermissionDenied = errors.New("access to database record denied")
 	ErrReadOnly         = errors.New("database is read only")
 	ErrShuttingDown     = errors.New("database system is shutting down")
+	ErrNotImplemented   = errors.New("not implemented by this storage")
 )
diff --git a/database/interface.go b/database/interface.go
index 9e9b9f7..a939960 100644
--- a/database/interface.go
+++ b/database/interface.go
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/tevino/abool"
+
 	"github.com/bluele/gcache"
 
 	"github.com/safing/portbase/database/accessor"
@@ -170,10 +172,19 @@ func (i *Interface) InsertValue(key string, attribute string, value interface{})
 }
 
 // Put saves a record to the database.
-func (i *Interface) Put(r record.Record) error {
-	_, db, err := i.getRecord(r.DatabaseName(), r.DatabaseKey(), true, true)
-	if err != nil && err != ErrNotFound {
-		return err
+func (i *Interface) Put(r record.Record) (err error) {
+	// get record or only database
+	var db *Controller
+	if !i.options.Internal || !i.options.Local {
+		_, db, err = i.getRecord(r.DatabaseName(), r.DatabaseKey(), true, true)
+		if err != nil && err != ErrNotFound {
+			return err
+		}
+	} else {
+		db, err = getController(r.DatabaseKey())
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}
 
 	r.Lock()
@@ -186,24 +197,122 @@ func (i *Interface) Put(r record.Record) error {
 }
 
 // PutNew saves a record to the database as a new record (ie. with new timestamps).
-func (i *Interface) PutNew(r record.Record) error {
-	_, db, err := i.getRecord(r.DatabaseName(), r.DatabaseKey(), true, true)
-	if err != nil && err != ErrNotFound {
-		return err
+func (i *Interface) PutNew(r record.Record) (err error) {
+	// get record or only database
+	var db *Controller
+	if !i.options.Internal || !i.options.Local {
+		_, db, err = i.getRecord(r.DatabaseName(), r.DatabaseKey(), true, true)
+		if err != nil && err != ErrNotFound {
+			return err
+		}
+	} else {
+		db, err = getController(r.DatabaseKey())
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}
 
 	r.Lock()
 	defer r.Unlock()
 
-	if r.Meta() == nil {
-		r.CreateMeta()
+	if r.Meta() != nil {
+		r.Meta().Reset()
 	}
-	r.Meta().Reset()
 	i.options.Apply(r)
 	i.updateCache(r)
 	return db.Put(r)
 }
 
+// PutMany stores many records in the database. Warning: This is nearly a direct database access and omits many things:
+// - Record locking
+// - Hooks
+// - Subscriptions
+// - Caching
+func (i *Interface) PutMany(dbName string) (put func(record.Record) error) {
+	interfaceBatch := make(chan record.Record, 100)
+
+	// permission check
+	if !i.options.Internal || !i.options.Local {
+		return func(r record.Record) error {
+			return ErrPermissionDenied
+		}
+	}
+
+	// get database
+	db, err := getController(dbName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return func(r record.Record) error {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// start database access
+	dbBatch, errs := db.PutMany()
+	finished := abool.New()
+	var internalErr error
+
+	// interface options proxy
+	go func() {
+		defer close(dbBatch) // signify that we are finished
+		for {
+			select {
+			case r := <-interfaceBatch:
+				// finished?
+				if r == nil {
+					return
+				}
+				// apply options
+				i.options.Apply(r)
+				// pass along
+				dbBatch <- r
+			case <-time.After(1 * time.Second):
+				// bail out
+				internalErr = errors.New("timeout: putmany unused for too long")
+				finished.Set()
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return func(r record.Record) error {
+		// finished?
+		if finished.IsSet() {
+			// check for internal error
+			if internalErr != nil {
+				return internalErr
+			}
+			// check for previous error
+			select {
+			case err := <-errs:
+				return err
+			default:
+				return errors.New("batch is closed")
+			}
+		}
+
+		// finish?
+		if r == nil {
+			finished.Set()
+			interfaceBatch <- nil // signify that we are finished
+			// do not close, as this fn could be called again with nil.
+			return <-errs
+		}
+
+		// check record scope
+		if r.DatabaseName() != dbName {
+			return errors.New("record out of database scope")
+		}
+
+		// submit
+		select {
+		case interfaceBatch <- r:
+			return nil
+		case err := <-errs:
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // SetAbsoluteExpiry sets an absolute record expiry.
 func (i *Interface) SetAbsoluteExpiry(key string, time int64) error {
 	r, db, err := i.getRecord(getDBFromKey, key, true, true)
diff --git a/database/record/record_test.go b/database/record/record_test.go
index f5e315d..5912d67 100644
--- a/database/record/record_test.go
+++ b/database/record/record_test.go
@@ -1,16 +1,10 @@
 package record
 
-import "sync"
+import (
+	"sync"
+)
 
 type TestRecord struct {
 	Base
-	lock sync.Mutex
-}
-
-func (tm *TestRecord) Lock() {
-	tm.lock.Lock()
-}
-
-func (tm *TestRecord) Unlock() {
-	tm.lock.Unlock()
+	sync.Mutex
 }
diff --git a/database/record/wrapper.go b/database/record/wrapper.go
index a456edd..b89a733 100644
--- a/database/record/wrapper.go
+++ b/database/record/wrapper.go
@@ -37,27 +37,19 @@ func NewRawWrapper(database, key string, data []byte) (*Wrapper, error) {
 	offset += n
 
 	newMeta := &Meta{}
-	if len(metaSection) == 34 && metaSection[4] == 0 {
-		// TODO: remove in 2020
-		// backward compatibility:
-		// format would byte shift and populate metaSection[4] with value > 0 (would naturally populate >0 at 07.02.2106 07:28:15)
-		// this must be gencode without format
-		_, err = newMeta.GenCodeUnmarshal(metaSection)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not unmarshal meta section: %s", err)
-		}
-	} else {
-		_, err = dsd.Load(metaSection, newMeta)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not unmarshal meta section: %s", err)
-		}
+	_, err = dsd.Load(metaSection, newMeta)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not unmarshal meta section: %s", err)
 	}
 
-	format, n, err := varint.Unpack8(data[offset:])
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not get dsd format: %s", err)
+	var format uint8 = dsd.NONE
+	if !newMeta.IsDeleted() {
+		format, n, err = varint.Unpack8(data[offset:])
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not get dsd format: %s", err)
+		}
+		offset += n
 	}
-	offset += n
 
 	return &Wrapper{
 		Base{
diff --git a/database/record/wrapper_test.go b/database/record/wrapper_test.go
index 460e6e9..de4d5ae 100644
--- a/database/record/wrapper_test.go
+++ b/database/record/wrapper_test.go
@@ -2,10 +2,7 @@ package record
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"errors"
 	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/safing/portbase/container"
 )
 
 func TestWrapper(t *testing.T) {
@@ -54,43 +51,4 @@ func TestWrapper(t *testing.T) {
 	if !bytes.Equal(testData, wrapper2.Data) {
 		t.Error("marshal mismatch")
 	}
-
-	// test new format
-	oldRaw, err := oldWrapperMarshalRecord(wrapper, wrapper)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	wrapper3, err := NewRawWrapper("test", "a", oldRaw)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	if !bytes.Equal(testData, wrapper3.Data) {
-		t.Error("marshal mismatch")
-	}
-}
-
-func oldWrapperMarshalRecord(w *Wrapper, r Record) ([]byte, error) {
-	if w.Meta() == nil {
-		return nil, errors.New("missing meta")
-	}
-
-	// version
-	c := container.New([]byte{1})
-
-	// meta
-	metaSection, err := w.meta.GenCodeMarshal(nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	c.AppendAsBlock(metaSection)
-
-	// data
-	dataSection, err := w.Marshal(r, JSON)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	c.Append(dataSection)
-
-	return c.CompileData(), nil
 }
diff --git a/database/storage/bbolt/bbolt.go b/database/storage/bbolt/bbolt.go
index d37bf60..bb049a9 100644
--- a/database/storage/bbolt/bbolt.go
+++ b/database/storage/bbolt/bbolt.go
@@ -105,6 +105,35 @@ func (b *BBolt) Put(r record.Record) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// PutMany stores many records in the database.
+func (b *BBolt) PutMany() (chan<- record.Record, <-chan error) {
+	batch := make(chan record.Record, 100)
+	errs := make(chan error, 1)
+
+	go func() {
+		err := b.db.Batch(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+			bucket := tx.Bucket(bucketName)
+			for r := range batch {
+				// marshal
+				data, txErr := r.MarshalRecord(r)
+				if txErr != nil {
+					return txErr
+				}
+
+				// put
+				txErr = bucket.Put([]byte(r.DatabaseKey()), data)
+				if txErr != nil {
+					return txErr
+				}
+			}
+			return nil
+		})
+		errs <- err
+	}()
+
+	return batch, errs
+}
+
 // Delete deletes a record from the database.
 func (b *BBolt) Delete(key string) error {
 	err := b.db.Update(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
diff --git a/database/storage/hashmap/map.go b/database/storage/hashmap/map.go
index c6bb65d..d9fa3df 100644
--- a/database/storage/hashmap/map.go
+++ b/database/storage/hashmap/map.go
@@ -52,6 +52,27 @@ func (hm *HashMap) Put(r record.Record) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// PutMany stores many records in the database.
+func (hm *HashMap) PutMany() (chan<- record.Record, <-chan error) {
+	hm.dbLock.Lock()
+	defer hm.dbLock.Unlock()
+	// we could lock for every record, but we want to have the same behaviour
+	// as the other storage backends, especially for testing.
+
+	batch := make(chan record.Record, 100)
+	errs := make(chan error, 1)
+
+	// start handler
+	go func() {
+		for r := range batch {
+			hm.db[r.DatabaseKey()] = r
+		}
+		errs <- nil
+	}()
+
+	return batch, errs
+}
+
 // Delete deletes a record from the database.
 func (hm *HashMap) Delete(key string) error {
 	hm.dbLock.Lock()
diff --git a/database/storage/injectbase.go b/database/storage/injectbase.go
index 316c8d6..2596820 100644
--- a/database/storage/injectbase.go
+++ b/database/storage/injectbase.go
@@ -25,6 +25,14 @@ func (i *InjectBase) Put(m record.Record) error {
 	return errNotImplemented
 }
 
+// PutMany stores many records in the database.
+func (i *InjectBase) PutMany() (batch chan record.Record, err chan error) {
+	batch = make(chan record.Record)
+	err = make(chan error, 1)
+	err <- errNotImplemented
+	return
+}
+
 // Delete deletes a record from the database.
 func (i *InjectBase) Delete(key string) error {
 	return errNotImplemented
diff --git a/database/storage/interface.go b/database/storage/interface.go
index 4a6ce1e..484f852 100644
--- a/database/storage/interface.go
+++ b/database/storage/interface.go
@@ -19,3 +19,8 @@ type Interface interface {
 	MaintainThorough() error
 	Shutdown() error
 }
+
+// Batcher defines the database storage API for backends that support batch operations.
+type Batcher interface {
+	PutMany() (batch chan<- record.Record, errs <-chan error)
+}
diff --git a/database/storage/sinkhole/sinkhole.go b/database/storage/sinkhole/sinkhole.go
index 9c51d29..e26eaa5 100644
--- a/database/storage/sinkhole/sinkhole.go
+++ b/database/storage/sinkhole/sinkhole.go
@@ -40,6 +40,22 @@ func (s *Sinkhole) Put(m record.Record) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// PutMany stores many records in the database.
+func (s *Sinkhole) PutMany() (chan<- record.Record, <-chan error) {
+	batch := make(chan record.Record, 100)
+	errs := make(chan error, 1)
+
+	// start handler
+	go func() {
+		for range batch {
+			// nom, nom, nom
+		}
+		errs <- nil
+	}()
+
+	return batch, errs
+}
+
 // Delete deletes a record from the database.
 func (s *Sinkhole) Delete(key string) error {
 	return nil